Beggars Night Reminder & Leaf Clean Up

Halloween is almost upon us and we want our community Beggar’s night to be spooktacular!

Please take note of the following to keep all our community kiddos safe on Beggars Night.

Beggars Night – Thursday, October 31st 6-8PM

  • Clear sidewalks – Ohio weather is always unpredictable for Halloween. It appears that rain will be a of our Beggars Night forecast. Please help keep sidewalks, ramps, and gutters/drains clear from fallen leaves to keep our walking paths safe.
  • Lights On (or off!) – Most families know a lit porch light often means homeowners are participating in Beggars Night. If you want a quiet evening, please keep your porch lights off or place a note on your door indicating you are not participating.
  • Slow down – If you find yourself driving in the community between 6-8PM, please keep your speed down and watch for excited children who may be crossing the roadways.
  • Safety First – Make sure costumes are easy to walk and see in. Flashlights and reflective tape are useful too to ensure that people are easier to see at night.

We hope everyone has a spooktacular evening!

Reminder: Leaf Cleanup

Our beautiful neighborhood trees are changing color and dropping their leaves – pretty soon winter will be upon us again. A few reminders when it comes to leaf cleanup:

 

  • The city of Columbus does not vacuum up leaves from the curb or clear any street gutters. Please take some time to remove leaves from sidewalks/street gutters. Wet leaves can create dangerously slick sidewalks. Also the gutter drains get blocked not allowing water runoff from rain or ice melt to make it to sewers as we move into the winter months.

 

  • Please do not leave blown leaves in the street or blow them down the street to other homes. This creates additional work for homeowners who are already battling leaves of their own.

 

  • Don’t forget to check gutters and downspouts for leaves. Backups of leaves trap water and eventually ice in the colder months. This causes gutters to separate from homes and could cause blockages and backups in the sewer systems.

All leaves should be bagged and stored until the next scheduled recycling/yard waste pickup. Our community’s upcoming recycling/yard waste pickup dates are:

Monday, November 11th
Monday, November 25th

Pumpkin and Yard Sign Drop-Off Events

 

The City of Columbus is hosting special pumpkin and yard sign drop-off events throughout November at the Waste and Reuse Convenience Centers (1550 Georgesville Rd, 43228 & 2100 Alum Creek Dr, 43207).

Pumpkins must be free of paint/markers, but carved is okay! Yard signs can be cardboard or plastic.

Centers are open Tues-Sat from 10am-6pm.

UPDATE – Utility Work Follow-Up

Hello Neighbors,

This summer many homes within our community were affected by the installation of fiber-optic lines by AT&T. Homeowners reported a variety of issues from landscape and turf damage to more serious concerns such has cut communication and utility lines, lingering open lines, and other unremedied items.

A homeowner within our community was able to work with the city of Columbus and get a contact name for AT&T. They were then asked by AT&T if they could assist in getting an initial list of affected homeowners. This homeowner created a Google Form that can be filled in to provide contact information as well as a description of your concern. This form will be available to fill in until the end of the weekend – at which time it will be “closed” and the information submitted to AT&T. See the form for more details and AT&T contact information.

Google Form: https://forms.gle/9SBXEzDXZMK4dTvz6

We are sharing this with our community to help get the word out for affected homeowners who many not have a contact to follow-up with about their property concerns. As previously indicated the HOA and Board have no affiliation with this project.

We hope homeowners find this information helpful.

Community Safety Update

Hello VAT Community,

As we have previously discussed there were several thefts within our community in the late Spring/early Summer. Click HERE for more information and safety tips.

Columbus Police Communication and Increased Security

The VAT Board has been in continuous communication with Officer Paulus (our community liaison officer) since these thefts began within our community.  Specifically we have requested increased Columbus Police patrolling within the community especially in the overnight hours.

CPD has indicated that they are in the area of our community in the overnight hours looking for suspicious vehicles, however that presence has not (to our knowledge) been directly within our community. CPD is aware of the thefts within our community as well as the suspicious vehicle that has been spotted in our community (details at the end). CPD has also been partnering with the Franklin County Sheriffs but we are still waiting to hear on what, if any, support the sheriffs can provide CPD.

Along with this regular CPD communication the board has been looking into the potential hiring of off-duty officers or private security agencies to maintain a presence within our community in a limited capacity. Finally, the Board has discussed the potential addition of security cameras on our community owned property (Alton-Darby entrances, Community Fenceline, and Community Park)

Emergency Fund, Potential Camera Installation or Private Security Hiring

Thanks to our previous Treasurer we do have an established emergency fund that could be used for the hiring of this security or security cameras if we opt for that route. However, even those funds are limited and there is no guarantee that our thief will be present within our community while we have security present or that security will be able to apprehend anyone or gain better knowledge on a suspect. Use of those funds for the hiring of security too early into our fiscal year could exhaust them and limit our ability to stay within our established budget for the remainder of the year should other emergency needs occur, or frankly if thefts were to occur again later this year.

To be clear we share this information to be transparent in our concerns, not to indicate an unwillingness to explore these options – our foremost responsibility as Board members to be stewards for our community and its assets and maintain healthy funding for our community.

Timing and Legal Concerns

Timing of when the suspects are in our community is the biggest challenge for the hiring of security. Daily monitoring of the overnight hours (approx 12-4AM) will exhaust these funds more quickly than targeted use on specific days. The Board is continuing to use all available reports from within the community as well as partnering with CPD to see what approach may yield results to benefit our community.

One of the major concerns with the installation of security cameras on community property is that it would be continuous surveillance by the HOA (as an entity) of public roadways that are not the exclusive use of our community. Ownership of the video as well as who would have the ability to request access are concerns that need to be followed up upon with the HOA attorneys. Simply put, we don’t want to open our association to lawsuits for a failure to do our diligence on any of the measures we are exploring.

Final thoughts

We recognize that these answers do not reflect the speed at which our community would like to see implementation (e.g. cameras aren’t going to be installed today) – however the safety of our community is of the utmost importance (we are your neighbors too!) and we will continue to explore the options available to us and speak with our attorney’s to get their guidance about the actions we have outlined above. When we have more information we will continue to communicate with our community. Homeowners are always welcome to send their concerns to the board either via the contact form on the website or via email.

ALERT: SUSPICIOUS VEHICLE IN OUR COMMUNITY

Earlier this year the following vehicle was flagged as suspicious in our community. We share this information with neighbors for awareness as more folks will be out during the day with school beginning again. As always your safety is priority one and we urge you strongly to NOT APPROACH suspicious vehicles.

This vehicle was observed in our community on 5/15/2024 in the afternoon hours between 12:00-1PM. It was observed in Eddy Ct (in Thornapple Grove) then traveled fast down Thornview Dr to Clubhurst Ct where it turned right and was next spotted on Claytonbend Dr. It was traveling at a high rate of speed and sped off quickly when a homeowner exited their garage.

If this vehicle is observed in our community please reach out to Columbus Police – especially if you notice suspicious behavior (observing property, driving slowly or speeding, approaching doors/windows). Any identifying observations about this vehicle (missing tail lights, license plates, dents/missing paint, signs/logos) would help aid in its identification. Noting the direction of travel this vehicle takes would also be useful to CPD. We also urge you to post your observations in the Thornapple Community Block Watch Facebook Group (this group was renamed from Thornapple Grove Block Watch (TAG)).

To be VERY clear: this is a suspicious vehicle, it does not mean this is the person who has been committing the thefts. We share this in the interest of safety and community awareness. Should anyone have knowledge that this vehicle is in our community as a known vendor, please let us know that as well.

Vehicle Make/Model – Chevy Suburban
Color: Black
Year: UNKNOWN
Identifying Marks: It has been noted this vehicle has darkly tinted windows and may have an out passenger taillight. Also there appears to be a sign on the front doors but the exact wording is unknown.

Below is an image of this vehicle from a neighbors security camera.

Links to videos of this vehicle can be found here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1LtdbIvLeRn42wGXZdIcanHAnCP8Bqs4L?usp=sharing 

 

Finally as a reminder: the VAT Board does not own, administer, or manage any of the content nor access to any Facebook group. We share this information ONLY to further help keep our community safe. The only official communications from the Board will come from the community newsletter posts or letters/emails sent directly to homeowners. Likewise we encourage any feedback you would like to give the board to be emailed or submitted via contact form on the website.

Fall Reminders

School’s Back, Park Reminders & More

Hello Neighbors,

It’s hard to believe but summer vacation is coming to an end and fall activities are starting to ramp up. A few reminders for the coming weeks…

School is getting underway!

  • Busy Bus Stops
    Please keep an eye out for the kids during the morning and afternoon school bus hours.

 

  • Street Side Parked Cars
    If you park street side please be sure to leave the busses plenty of room to turn.  Stay close to curbs and away from intersections when possible.

    Park Reminders

  • Anyone under the age of 14 should have a parent or guardian with them at all times while at the park.
    This is to ensure all park rules are being followed and property treated appropriately and safely.

 

  • The park is private property and should be treated with respect.
    Climbing on the equipment should be limited to its intended use and climbing on the top of the shelter or park equipment is strictly prohibited. All park rules should be followed at all times.

 

  • There is no lost and found box at the neighborhood park.
    Keep an eye on your belongings and ensure all personal items are taken when leaving.

 

  • Please “bring it in, bring it out”.

The trash can at the park should capture the odd need while folks enjoy the park. This trash can is emptied by your neighbors (in their personal trash cans) so please be courteous when throwing away items. Please take empty beverage cups and pet waste bags to your own container.

 

Additional Updates

  • Speeding and Parking – Speeds on our main thoroughfares have been ticking up higher recently.  We have many folks parking along our roadways on these main roadways. This can make seeing folks crossing streets much more challenging – especially when coming around corners/bends.

Please make sure that vehicles parked along roadways are inline with curbs and not obstructing mailboxes/driveways. Also please slow down when traveling through these densely packed areas, beyond vehicles in the roadways there are children outside playing and utilizing sidewalks or streets for bike riding or just to grab an errant basket or soccer ball.

 

  • Alton-Darby Construction – We have all been experiencing the frustration that the closure of Alton-Darby at Feder and other local roadwork projects have brought to those in our community. In the coming weeks as new school routines are taking shape please be sure to add extra time to your morning commute to allow for the additional traffic.

 

  • Fiber Line Installation – The installation of the utility lines has created even more frustration within the community with homeowners now dealing with reseeding areas of their lawns or dealing with further issue left by this utility work. We encourage homeowners with concerns about their property and how this work may affect them to contact Ohio Utility Protection Service (OUPS/Call811), they may be able to assist in identifying the party who is completing work on their property. You can also look up permit applications with the City of Columbus at: https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Get-a-Permit/Get-or-Track-a-Building-Permit

 

  • Yard Waste Bags & Landscaping Updates – As homeowners begin to prune back and make adjustments to landscaping for the fall and beyond a reminder that yard waste bags should be screened from view until the next pickup date. Also, before making any permanent landscaping changes (like removing trees/bushes) – take a moment to review the handbook landscaping requirements to ensure your home doesn’t fall out of compliance. Some adjustments may require a Request for Review application depending on the project scope.

We hope everyone finds this information useful. Blog posts are the main method of communication to our community – we strongly urge homeowners to NOT unsubscribe from this mailing list to ensure you receive all blog updates.

Have a great week everyone!

2024 VAT Board

Roadways within VAT

Hello Neighbors,

As many homeowners are aware, there are several roadways within our community that are showing signs of deterioration. The Board has reached out to our Neighborhood Liaison, Rebecca Deeds, with the Department of Neighborhoods as well as the Department of Public Service about roadway maintenance and here is what was communicated:

Please find an image of the City’s pavement condition map for your area. As you can see from the second attachment, most of your neighborhood’s streets are in either “Fair” or “Poor” condition. With the City’s vast number of lane-miles to maintain and limited funds, it is not uncommon for streets to degrade to “very poor” condition before they are scheduled for resurfacing.

Below is a screenshot of an internal map that the city uses to track roadway conditions.

As you can see we have several streets in our community in the fair to poor condition with one isolated area marked as “very poor”. Complaints about roadway conditions are handled by Columbus 311. The Board STRONGLY ENCOURAGES all homeowners to contact Columbus 311 and report any adverse road conditions. When reporting online or via the Columbus311 app you will also have the opportunity to add photos to your report. Including these photos will also have an impact in how quickly our roadways are addressed.

As with previous years we expect the city to provide access to a “Capital Improvements Budget Recommendation” form that allows citizens to provide direct feedback on projects they feel should be addressed – however this form is not available at this time. As soon as the form is available it will be posted for homeowners to provide their feedback.

We hope this information provides a clearer picture of the status of our roadways and what steps are needed in order to make our roadways a priority for the city to resurface.

Utility Markings and Construction

Recently many members of our community have had questions regarding the utility markings being found throughout our community.

There have been several Ohio811 (“call before you dig”) requests for utility markings on different streets within our community. This is related to new fiber optic lines being installed throughout our area. This is not an HOA related project. This construction occurs in the public right-of-way, so the HOA is not notified or involved.

The public-right-of-way is a strip of land dedicated for use by the City, in addition to the roadway, that is usually between the roadway edge and the sidewalk or utility poles. Generally it is ~12′ from the edge of the roadway, depending on what part of the City you are located. The City of Columbus requires permission and approval through specific ROW permits for use of the City’s public ROW.

Typically the construction vendor marks their intended construction locations with white spray paint. Then the construction vendor notifies utility protection service to locate and mark underground utilities only near the planned construction. By law the construction vendor must notify Ohio Utility Protection Service, or OUPS/Ohio811, (excluding weekends and legal holidays) at least 48 hours but no more than 10 working days prior to their work starting.

Want to know what all the different colors represent?

Red: electric power lines, cables, conduit and lighting cables
Orange: telecommunication, alarm or signal lines, cables or conduit
Yellow: natural gas, oil, steam, petroleum or other flammable
Green: sewers and drain lines
Blue: potable drinking water
Purple: reclaimed water, irrigation and slurry lines
Pink: temporary survey markings, unknown/unidentified facilities

 

We encourage homeowners with concerns about their property and how this work may affect them to contact OUPS, they may be able to assist in identifying the party who requesting the markings. You can also look up permit applications with the City of Columbus at: https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Get-a-Permit/Get-or-Track-a-Building-Permit.

We hope this information helps homeowners find out more about how this construction may be affecting their property.

Mailbox Painting Starts June 10

Weather permitting, our mailboxes will be painted June 10-14!
Please prepare your site if you have any objects that might impede the ability to reach your post or properly apply the paint.
The visible quality and consistency of our mailboxes is often one of the many compliments we get on our community.

Photo by Christin Hume on Unsplash

Continued Thefts Within VAT

Hello VAT Community,

As previously posted – there have been a rash of recent thefts in our community. General details about those thefts are listed below:

1st Occurrence – 4/21/2024

Hadshire Ct – A backyard was entered and a patio set was stolen
Manshire Ct – Front porch patio rockers and table were stolen
Marhurst Ct – Front porch patio chairs and table were stolen

2nd Occurrence – 4/29/2024 – Between 2:30-3AM

Aldengate Dr – A truck was broken into and tools were stolen
Thorncrest Dr – A truck was broken into, tools were stolen and they attempted to steal the vehicle. Later there was an attempted entry into the home.

3rd Occurrence – 5/8 – Between 3-3:30AM

Graylock Ct – A backyard was entered and a gas grill was stolen
Claytonbend Dr – A backyard was entered and a child’s trampoline was stolen

4th Occurrence – 5/9 – Overnight/Early Hours

Claytonbend Dr – A vehicle that was parked on the street had its tires and rims stolen.

Video images from homeowner security cameras have captured a suspicious SUV traveling throughout our community at the same time in multiple instances. In one instance the theft was caught on camera but it is difficult to make out any suspects.

We are kindly asking any homeowners within the area of these streets to review any security cameras they may have to help further identify this vehicle. Should you have captured any useful footage please reach out to our community liaison officer, Officer Paulus, via email at: (TPaulus@columbuspolice.org). Please use the email subject: “Village at Thornapple Thefts”.

We also ask everyone to speak to your neighbors. One of these thefts was only discovered by a casual conversation with a neighbor. Keeping our community informed will help us all be more aware of incidents in our community and increase our safety.

While the Board does not manage an official VAT Facebook group there are three unofficial groups we are aware of that are fairly active. We have included their information below for reference, however please note that these groups have their own specific descriptions and intents. Please review all group rules prior to joining/posting. 


Thornapple Community Facebook Group  – This is a group that consists of neighbors within VAT, Thornapple Meadows, Thornapple Highlands, Thornapple Grove and George Fox (essentially all the interconnected neighborhoods).

 

Village at Thornapple Unofficial Facebook Group – This is a self managed group of neighbors within VAT only.

Thornapple Community Block Watch – This group posts any security concerns within the area. Please note that there is NOT an active meeting/patrolling block watch at this time – however this group is useful to post any security issues/concerns.

Several homeowners may also use Nextdoor where you can indicate that you live in the Village at Thornapple neighborhood and get digests of information similar to Facebook but with a neighborhood and surrounding area focus.

We are sharing these groups as we want to make sure neighbors are aware of what is happening in the community and often the participants in this group are posting photos and videos that would be useful for neighbors to review in real-time.

To be very clear: the VAT Board does not own, administer, or manage any of the content nor access to these groups. We are sharing this information ONLY to further help keep our community safe. The only official communications from the Board will come from the community newsletter posts or letters/emails sent directly to homeowners.

Columbus Police are aware of the incidents noted above and are exploring additional ways they can provide a presence within our community. The Board has been reaching out to CPD after all incidents to ensure their awareness and that we are actively following what is happening in our community.  CPD indicated they have begun providing a closer police presence looking for suspicious vehicles in the early hours but given the multiple ways to exit our community (two entrances off Alton-Darby, and also an entrance off Feder through Thornapple Grove) this is still challenging.  CPD is also reaching out to the Franklin County Sheriffs office to see if they may be able to assist in providing patrol coverage.

The biggest feedback from Officer Paulus is that homeowners need to report these incidents or suspicious vehicles/behavior as soon as possible. If you file a police report on the phone or online please inform Officer Paulus via email as well. Should you witness an attempted entry into a home or open garage – call 911. Other calls can be directed to the Police non-emergency number (614 645 4545) and officers will be dispatched as available.

Homeowners with security cameras are encouraged to review their footage for any suspicious vehicles/behavior especially in the overnight hours for these dates. We would also encourage homeowners to learn more about the features of their security systems to see if settings can be changed to capture more footage in the short term while these known issues are present.

 
All homeowners are encouraged to remove any property which is considered valuable from outdoor settings or use locks/cables to make these items more difficult to take. We understand that these are simple interventions but removing the simplicity from the theft opportunity may be what makes the difference. 
 

Additional details are noted below on ways to discourage theft – stay safe everyone.


  • Be sure to secure any vehicles left outside as well as securing doors and windows at night

If at all possible park vehicles in garages where they are most secure.

  • Secure any valuables left outdoors

Make use of locking cables for any items that are too large to move indoors. Ensure all walkthrough gates are locked when possible.

  • Make best use of any security features you currently have on your home

Be sure to keep exterior lights on or on timers at night. Make sure motion lights are powered and have functioning light bulbs. Increase the sensitivity of any motion detectors or video cameras on your property to ensure that they are capturing as much video as possible when motion is detected. Add locks to any gates to make removing property from your yard more challenging.

  • Use landscaping to your advantage

If your property has easily visible sightlines to property you feel is valuable (like patio furniture, gas grills, yard decorations, etc) try to obscure the view by using well placed plants, flowers, and shrubs. This is particularly important for any homeowners on corner lots where more of their property is visible.

  • Add the Columbus police non-emergency number to your phone’s contacts

If you see anything suspicious in the neighborhood contact the non emergency line at 614 645 4545. Be prepared with as much of a description as you can safely provide – vehicle or clothing descriptions, identifying characteristics can be very useful to police. As always, DO NOT APPROACH ANY SUSPICIOUS VEHICLE OR PERSON. Your safety is paramount.

  • Check your property and any camera motion-alerts daily

A quick review of your exterior property will ensure that you are aware of when anything may have been taken as well as give you an opportunity to ensure your safety measures are always in place and working as intended. Reviewing doorbell or other security camera footage may show any suspicious activity even if your home wasn’t directly affected.

  • Report any crime/theft to Columbus Police

Obtaining additional patrols in the area of our community will not happen if there are not documented reports with the Columbus police of any issues. Please take the time to file the appropriate reports at the time of any incidents.

Street Sweeping This Week

Hello Neighbors,

The city of Columbus has advised the following:

Street sweeping in your zone is currently scheduled for the week of 5/6-10. As this time nears, your schedule may be adjusted to reflect any changes due to weather or other factors impacting the citywide Residential Street Sweeping Program schedules. Please recheck your schedule when your expected time frame is near and park your car off-street when sweeping is expected.

With the exception of interstate highways, the City of Columbus’ Division of Infrastructure Management is responsible for sweeping all curbed public roadways within its boundaries on an as needed basis. * Please note, there are some areas within the City of Columbus that are maintained by other agencies as it relates to the street sweeping function.

All published street sweeping schedules are subject to change due to adverse weather conditions, the temporary reassignment of personnel to the performance of other essential services, or equipment maintenance.

Please be sure to keep vehicles off roadways to ensure the best possible sweeping for our community. Thank you.

Recent Thefts Within VAT

Hello Neighbors,

The Board has been made aware of some recent thefts that occurred in our community and wanted to make sure that homeowners were aware as well as issue some reminders when it comes to securing homes and valuables.

As posted to online Facebook groups we are aware of the following incidents:

    • Hadshire Ct – A backyard was entered and a patio set was stolen
    • Manshire Ct – Front porch patio rockers and table were stolen
    • Marhurst Ct – Front porch patio chairs and table were stolen

All three incidents occurred on April 21st. As far as we are aware there was no video caught of any of these incidents.

Safety is of paramount importance to our community and the Board has reached out to our community liaison officer, Officer Paulus ([email protected]), who is reaching out to local patrols. Per conversation with Officer Paulus he indicated he has not heard anything specific about thefts like this but that given the size of the items in question it was likely more than one person and a large vehicle to remove them. He urged review of any nearby security cameras to see if any large vehicles were captured. If someone should find any vehicles on the night of April 21st that were captured please advise Officer Paulus via email.

As always, homeowners are encouraged to call the police non-emergency number (614 645 4545) to report any suspicious vehicles or persons within our community when it is able to be done safely.

Sadly, crimes of opportunity will always occur so with that in mind we want to reiterate some best practices when it comes to home safety.

  • Be sure to secure any vehicles left outside as well as securing doors and windows at night
    If at all possible park vehicles in garages where they are most secure.
  • Secure any valuables left outdoors
    Make use of locking cables for any items that are too large to move indoors. Ensure all walkthrough gates are locked when possible.
  • Make best use of any security features you currently have on your home
    Be sure to keep exterior lights on or on timers at night. Make sure motion lights are powered and have functioning light bulbs. Increase the sensitivity of any motion detectors or video cameras on your property to ensure that they are capturing as much video as possible when motion is detected. Add locks to any gates to make removing property from your yard more challenging.
  • Use landscaping to your advantage
    If your property has easily visible sightlines to property you feel is valuable (like patio furniture, gas grills, yard decorations, etc) try to obscure the view by using well placed plants, flowers, and shrubs. This is particularly important for any homeowners on corner lots where more of their property is visible.
  • Add the Columbus police non-emergency number to your phone’s contacts
    If you see anything suspicious in the neighborhood contact the non emergency line at 614 645 4545. Be prepared with as much of a description as you can safely provide – vehicle or clothing descriptions, identifying characteristics can be very useful to police. As always, DO NOT APPROACH ANY SUSPICIOUS VEHICLE OR PERSON. Your safety is paramount.
  • Check your property and any camera motion-alerts daily
    A quick review of your exterior property will ensure that you are aware of when anything may have been taken as well as give you an opportunity to ensure your safety measures are always in place and working as intended. Reviewing doorbell or other security camera footage may show any suspicious activity even if your home wasn’t directly affected.
  • Report any crime/theft to Columbus Police
    Obtaining additional patrols in the area of our community will not happen if there are not documented reports with the Columbus police of any issues. Please take the time to file the appropriate reports at the time of any incidents.

There is no 100% effective solution to address crime but we certainly hope that homeowners take some time to review their properties and the ways they can minimize their risk of property loss.

Finally, with the Spring weather starting to improve soon and graduation around the corner it is also anticipated that yearly activities like “Senior Tag” (played by graduating high school seniors) will be occurring soon. This game can have dangerous consequences especially if a community is on edge from other recent crime. For more information see this article: WBNS 10TV – Police urge teens to find healthier outlet instead of senior tag. Please take some time to talk to your graduating seniors about the timing of this game in light of recent concerns.

©2026 Thornapple Association, Inc.